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Nailhead Rusting



Nailhead rusting appears as reddish-brown stains on the paint surface.
What Causes It?This problem occurs when non-galvanized iron nails that have not been countersunk and filled over begin to rust, and the rust bleeds through to the topcoat.
Sometimes this condition is caused by galvanized nailheads that have been sanded or have weathered excessively, and they then begin to rust.
How to Solve ItWhen painting new exterior construction where non-galvanized nails have been used, you should first countersink the nailheads, then caulk over them with a top-quality, water-based all-acrylic or a siliconized acrylic caulk. Each nailhead area should be spot primed, then painted with a quality latex coating.
When repainting exteriors where nailhead rusting has occurred, wash off the rust stains, sand the nailheads, then follow the same surface preparation procedures as for new construction.
Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Mildew



Mildew forms most often on damp areas that receive little or no direct sunlight. It can also form on walls with a northerly exposure, and on the undersides of eaves.
What Causes It?Mildew is most often caused by:
Using lower quality paints, which may have insufficient amounts of mildewcide.
Failing to prime bare wood before painting.
Painting over a substrate or coating from which mildew has not been removed.
How to Solve ItYou can test for mildew by applying a few drops of household bleach to the area you suspect contains mildew. If it disappears, mildew is likely present.
To remove mildew from a surface, scrub it with a mixture of household bleach and water—one part bleach, three parts water. Be sure to wear rubber gloves and eye protection when you do so.
You can also use power washing to remove surface mildew, though you must still use a bleach solution to completely kill the mildew spores.
After cleaning a surface, rinse it thoroughly and apply primer to any bare wood. Then, apply one or two coats of a Benjamin Moore exterior paint, which contains the proper amount of mildewcide.
Note: images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute

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Frosting

Frosting appears a white, salt-like substance on the paint surface. Frosting can occur on any paint color, but it is less noticeable on white paint or light tints.
What Causes It?On masonry, frosting can be mistaken for efflorescence. Frosting forms mostly in protected areas (such as under eaves and open porch ceilings) that do not receive the cleansing action of rain, dew, and other moisture.
The use of dark-colored paints that have been formulated with calcium carbonate exterior may also cause this. Applying a dark-colored paint over a paint or primer containing calcium carbonate extender can also lead to this problem.
How to Solve ItFrosting can be a stubborn problem. It often cannot be washed off readily. The condition can also recur as a bleed-through even when a new top coat is applied.
In extreme cases, it can interfere with adhesion. The best remedy is to remove the frosting by wirebrushing masonry or sanding wood surfaces. Then rinse and apply an alkyd-based primer before adding a coat of high quality exterior paint.

Note: images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Fading


Paint can lighten over time. This occurs on surfaces with sunny southern exposures.
What Causes It?Fading or poor color retention can also be a result of chalking of the coating. One cause of fading is the use of an interior grade of paint or lower-quality paint.
This can lead to a rapid degradation (chalking) of the paint film. Some paint colors are particularly vulnerable to UV radiation (most notably, certain bright reds, blues, and yellows).
Fading will also occur when tinting a white paint not intended for tinting, or overtinting a light or medium paint base.
How to Solve ItWhen fading or poor color retention is a result of chalking,it is necessary to remove as much of the chalk as possible. When you repaint the surface, be sure to use a quality exterior house paint in colors recommended for exterior use.

Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Efflorescence



Efflorescence or mottling appears as crusty, white salt deposits, leached from mortar or masonry as water passes through.
What Causes It?Efflorescence or mottling is caused by failing to adequately to prepare the surface by removing all previous efflorescence or when excess moisture escapes through the exterior masonry walls from the inside.
How to Solve itIf excess moisture is the cause, eliminate the source by repairing the roof, cleaning out gutters and downspouts, and sealing any cracks in the masonry with a high-quality, water-based all-acrylic or a siliconized acrylic caulk.
If moist air is originating inside the building, consider installing vents or exhaust fans, especially in kitchen, bathroom, and laundry areas.
Remove the efflorescence and all other loose material with a wire brush, power brush, or power washer; then thoroughly rinse the surface. Apply a quality water-based or solvent-based masonry sealer and allow it to dry completely; then apply a coat of top-quality exterior house paint, masonry paint, or elastomeric wall coating.

Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Dirt Pickup



Dirt, dust particles, or other debris can accumulate on the paint film, which may resemble mildew.
What Causes It?Dirt can accumulate on lower-quality paints, especially lower grades of satin or semi-gloss.
Usually, dirt pickup is caused by soil splashing onto siding or results from air pollution, car exhaust, and flying dust collecting on the house body and horizontal trim.
How to Solve ItWash off all surface dirt before priming and painting. If unsure whether the problem is dirt or mildew, conduct a simple spot-test (see Mildew). Clean off dirt with a scrub brush and detergent solution, followed by a thorough rinsing with a garden hose. Heavier dirt accumulation may require the use of a power washer.
While dirt pickup can’t be eliminated entirely, top-quality exterior latex paints typically offer superior dirt pickup resistance and washability. Also, higher-gloss paints are more resistant to dirt pickup than flat paints, which are more porous and can easily entrap dirt.

Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute

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Cracking


Paint can crack and flake, sometimes revealing the substrate.
What Causes It?Dry paint can split through at least one coat, which will lead to complete failure of the paint. Early on, the problem appears as hairline cracks. Later, flaking of paint chips occurs.
A variety of causes exist for cracking or flaking of paint. First, if lower-quality paint has been applied to the surface, it will have inadequate adhesion and flexibility. Another cause is that the paint was spread too thin on the surface.
Poor surface preparation, especially when the paint is applied to bare wood without priming, can also cause this problem. Finally, painting under cool or windy conditions can make latex paint dry too fast, causing it to crack.
How to Solve ItIf the cracking does not go down to the substrate, you may be able to correct it by removing the loose or flaking paint witha scraper or wire brush, sanding the area to feather the edges, priming any bare spots, and repainting it.
If the cracking goes down to the substrate, remove all of the paint by scraping and sanding or use a heat gun. Then prime and repaint with a quality exterior paint.
Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Chalk Run Down

This problem occurs when the paint film erodes and the resulting residue appears chalky.
What Causes It?Chalk run-down occurs when paint erodes excessively onto another area below (a brick foundation, for example), ruining its appearance. The problem has a number of causes.
First, the use of a lower-quality, highly pigmented paint or an interior paint can cause the paint to erode prematurely. Factory-finished metal siding can also erode to cause this problem.
How to Solve ItFirst, remove as much of the chalk residue as possible by scrubbing any stained areas with a stiff brush and a detergent solution. Then, rinse the surface thoroughly. In cases of severe staining, an acid wash may be necessary. Either way, if the affected area dries to a different color, consider painting it with a quality latex paint. Eroding aluminum siding should be thoroughly cleaned (power washing recommended) before painting with a quality exterior latex paint.

Note: Images provided by The Rohm & Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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Blistering

Blistering:Bubbles resulting from localized loss of adhesion and lifting of the paint film from the underlying surface.
Possible Cause:
Painting a warm surface in direct sunlight
Application of an oil-based or alkyd paint over a damp or wet surface
Moisture escaping through the exterior wall (less likely with latex paint than with oil-based or alkyd paint)
Exposure or latex paint film to dew, high humidity or rain shortly after paint has dried, especially if their was inadequate surface preperation
Solution:
If blisters go down to the substrate, try to remove the source of moisture. Repair loose caulking; consider installing an exhaust fan. Remove blisters
If blisters do not go all the way down to the substrate, remove them by scraping, then sanding; prime any bare wood and repaint with a quality exterior paint.

Note: Images provided by The Rohm + Hass Paint Quality Institute

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Alligatoring

Alligatoring: Patterned cracking in the surface of the paint film resembling the regular scales of an alligator
Possible Cause:
Application of an extremely hard, rigid coating, like an alkyd enamel, over a more flexible coating, like a latex primer
Application of a top coat before the undercoat is dry
natural aging of oil-based paints as temperatures fluctuate. The constant expansion and contraction results in a loss of paint elasticity
Solution:Old paint should be completely removed by scraping and sanding the surface; a heat gun can be used to speed work on large surfaces, but take care to avoid igniting paint or substrate. The surface should be primed with a high quality latex or oil-based primer, then painted with a top quality exterior latex paint.
Note: Pictures provided by the Rohm + Hass Paint Quality Institute.

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